CONSEQUENCES OF COSMOLOGY: MYSTERIES OF UNIVERSE
The Article, Ankitpreet: This article has laid emphasis upon the general research over cosmology that leads to an infinite, unexpected wavering queries among everyone as if who are we", "Are we alone in the universe !","extraterrestrial life and survival of humanity", "ending of the universe" _Cosmology is a branch of Astronomy that involves the origin, eventual fate and evolution of the Universe from the `BIG BANG" that proves the existence of Universe from 13_8 billion years ago to now, exemplifying Greek literature ( kosmos 'world" and logia 'study or)According to NASA, it is the scientific study of the large scale properties of Universe as a whole_ It include many exotic puzzling concepts like string theory, dark matter , dark energy, existence of Multiverse_ Cosmology spans the entire Universe from birth to death, with a wealth of mysteries at every stage, not only an Individual phenomenon or objects_ Initiating from old mythology of earth being the center of all the things,along with orbiting planets and stars to Nicolaus Copemicus(16t centurary) suggestion that sun is the orbiting centre of the solar system to Sir Isaac Newton(17t centurary) calculations of gravitational forces interaction to Albert Einstein(20thcenturary) proposal of unification of space and time in his general theory of relativity to 'Edwin Hubble" measurement of other galaxies rather than only Milky Way and expansion of the Universe to most recent hypothesis of 'Stephan Hawking" regarding definite size of universe, not infinity i_e Universe would not continue forever but would eventually end has created a huge revolution in this field of Astronomy_ theory of relativity" & the origin of Universe)_
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| Aliens |
Depending upon the observational evidence, the fate and evolution of the universe have now become valid cosmological questions, beyond the untestable constraints of the mythological and theological beliefs, that are as follows:
Are we alone in the Universe?
Today, NASA’s orbiting Kepler satellite has detected more than 1,500 known extrasolar planets, about 431 with well-determined parameters(such as radius, mass, and orbital characteristics). The dawn of the era of exoplanet discovery provides the evidence that any ETI(extraterrestrial intelligence) exists near enough to us to matter. Perhaps, intelligent beings are the inevitable product of life and evolution. Percival Lowell, an astronomer famous for his canals advocation on Mars, proves that Mars has no artificial canals in his 1908 book,*Mars as the Abode of Life*. Don Goldsmith and Tobias Owen, in their book, The Search for Life in the Universe(1993 edition), presents a diverse range of often-bizarre environments i.e more than 50 likely Earth-sized planets have been spotted so far, with signs of liquid water and a congenial atmosphere, though planetary systems are unlike ours.
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The first clarification regarding this has been given by *Enrico Fermi* as intelligent life is not common While the second one comes out of the fact that universe is not expanding but accelerating also i.e distant galaxies are receding at an accelerating rate. Stephan Hawking and other physicists argued for the existence of the multiverse, thereby inflating the notion of infinities and life forms(ETI or not). Practically, we are alone implies we are without communication Since a light or signal sent from earth today can never reach up to a galaxies whose light has taken about 10 billion years to reach us i.e it will take hundreds of thousands of light years for any ETI to see our signal and then long again for us to receive a reply. Mathematically, Frank Drake, in 1961, formulate an equation called Drake equation that estimates the number of active, communicative extraterrestrial civilizations in the milky way galaxy, which is :
Where
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| Equation |
N=number of civilizations
R*= average rate of star formation
fp=fraction of stars having planets
ne=average number of planets supporting life
f1=fractions of planets that could support life at some point
fi=fraction of planets that could develop intelligent life
fc=fractions of civilization that releases detectable signs of their existence into space
L=length of time for which civilizations releases detectable signals
Who Are We? Are we genetically programmed by some intelligent life? The answer to the origin of life could simply be the number 37 that proves of our genetic code was created by
ANCIENT ALIENS, according to a new scientific theory. Maxim Makukov, claims to have intelligent like signal encoded into our genetic material. Panspermia is the process in which life is transferred from one planet to another. According to biologists, when an asteroid collided with Mars, causes the once microbial – full soil to be flung earthbound. By Analysing the genetic code, Human DNA’s molecular core mass comes out to be 37 i.e double that of 20 amino acids 74. Again in RUMER’S TRANSFORMATION, Codons(structural units within DNA) have Total atomic mass of that multiple of 37-1665. Also, via GALACTIC ARCHAEOLOGY, humans are observed to made up of stardust.
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| Universe Ending |
*Ultimate Fate of the Universe*
Stephan Hawking predicted that the universe will come to an end as its ultimate fate. There are four theories that provide suitable reasons regarding that:
1. BIG FREEZE: This theory indicates that because of continuous expansion of universe its temperature asymptotically reduces to zero kelvin so the supply of gas needed for star formation get exhausted and the universe will inexorably grow darker and black holes will dominate the universe, which themselves will disappear as they emit hawking radiations.
2.BIG CRUNCH: According to this theory, the average density of the universe is enough to begin its contraction as well as stop its expansion. A Simple Estimation reveals that matter and space-time in the universe collapse into a dimensionless singularity under the effect of quantum gravity. An OSCILLATORY UNIVERSE would be created up as a result of which entropy would build up from oscillation to oscillation, hence causes heat death of the universe.
3.BIG BOUNCE: This Theory states that the universe will continuously repeat the cycle of a big bang, followed up with a big crunch.
4.BIG RIP: Since the Phantom Dark Energy has more negative pressure than cosmological constants, therefore, the density of dark energy increases with time, causing the rate of acceleration cum steady increase in the HUBBLE constant. As a result, all material objects in the universe will disintegrate into unbound elementary particles and radiation. The end state of the universe is a singularity, as the dark energy density and expansion rate becomes infinite.
REFERENCES:
1. “WMAP-fate of the universe” Map.gsfc.nasa.gov
2. Yurov, A.V.; Astashenok, A.V.; Gonzalezdiaz, P, F.(2008)
“Astronomical bounds on a future big freeze Singularity”.”Gravitation and Cosmology.
3.www. express. co .uk >news; www.ancient-code.com>scientists
4. Goldsmith, D., and T.Owen.1992.the search for life in the universe. Reading, MA: Addison Wesley.
5.Bennet, J.2008, Beyond UFOS: The Search for extraterrestrial life and its Astonishing implications for our Future. Princeton: Princeton University Press. 6. outer-space.org>category>space> NASA
7. A Brief History of Time –Stephan Hawking
8.wikipedia;youtube;google
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contact the other for more Details ankitpreetkaur@yahoo.com
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